Genetic Risk and Breast Cancer
According to Cancer.org, only about 5% to 10% of Breast Cancer cases are considered hereditary meaning a gene mutation has been passed on from parents. It’s important to note, though, that this statistic is based on KNOWN genetic mutations linked to breast cancer. This area of scientific research is growing exponentially and we are likely to find more genetic variants and mutations linked to a higher risk of cancer.
Which Genes are Linked to Breast Cancer?
The three most commonly identified genetic mutations related to breast cancer diagnoses are the following:
BRCA1
BRCA2
PALB2
Women and men who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at about a 69%-72% higher risk for breast cancer in their lifetime and will often be diagnosed with the disease at much younger ages than the general population. So, as compared to people without that genetic mutation, BRCA1 and BRCA2 positive women and men are about six times more likely to get breast cancer!
Those with the PALB2 genetic mutation have about a 33% - 58% higher risk of developing Breast Cancer.
Ok, but is Breast Cancer Hereditary?
We know that breast cancer “runs in families,” even in ones where no gene has been identified. This can happen for several reasons, including shared environment (families often live and work in relatively close proximity to one another so environmental factors affecting one likely affects them all) and the lived environment (family cultural practices and habits learned and passed on through generations, including eating and exercise habits and other values that impact health). And, as mentioned earlier, science hasn’t yet discovered all there is to know about the link between genetic mutations and cancer risk.
One key takeaway: if you have multiple cases of breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer in your family, make sure to include that information in your health history. Note the diagnosis, stage of diagnosis, and age of the family member when diagnoses. This information will help your physician determine the best course of action when it comes to screening for possible disease. Also, it’s important to note that your risk doubles if you have a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) that has been diagnosed with the disease.
Should I get genetic testing?
As stated by the CDC, genetic testing is a great tool for figuring if you are more at risk of developing cancer and for your doctor to understand/plan what cancer treatment and prevention plan to use. Of course, the choice of whether or not to get tested is a personal one. It’s important to talk to your physician about your risk. It’s also important to consider how you might handle the news should you find out you have a genetic mutation that puts you at a higher risk for breast cancer.
For some, knowing you have a higher risk because of a known genetic mutation can be empowering and help motivate you to make important lifestyle changes that will help to minimize risk factors you can control, including:
Maintaining a healthy weight.
Exercising.
Limiting alcohol intake.
Eating healthy foods.
Starting screening earlier, likely at age 30.
More frequent screening (mammograms and MRIs)
Regular, monthly self breast exams.
For others, knowing may trigger anxiety and fear that will create stress. There is no right or wrong choice that applies to everyone. Ultimately, you have to choose what is right for you.
If you think you may be at higher risk, the first step is to compile a thorough family history. Then, talk to your doctor about how to move forward. And, consider seeking out a genetic counselor who is trained to help you understand all the considerations related to testing for and living with the results of genetic testing.
As always, Going Beyond the Pink is here to support you every step of the way!